Some argue that focusing on otters as keystone species risks oversimplifying ecosystem dynamics. While otters undoubtedly affect urchin and kelp populations, other factors—such as water temperature, nutrient availability, and the presence of other predators like sea stars or fish—also shape kelp forest health. In certain regions, urchin barrens persist despite otter presence due to disease outbreaks in urchin predators or shifts in ocean chemistry. This perspective urges caution against attributing too much causal weight to a single species and advocates for holistic, multi-factor management approaches.