Cairo is one of the largest cities in Africa and the Middle East, with a metropolitan population exceeding 20 million people.

The Greater Cairo Region, encompassing Cairo Governorate and parts of Giza and Qalyubia Governorates, represents a vast urban agglomeration. This immense population density contributes to Cairo's vibrant, bustling atmosphere but also places significant strain on its infrastructure, public services, and natural resources. The rapid growth since the mid-20th century has led to challenges such as traffic congestion, pollution, and housing shortages, which are characteristic of many megacities in developing regions. Its sheer size underscores its importance not just to Egypt, but to the broader regional demographic and economic landscape.